Bolden, Bisphenol S and F: A Systematic Review and Comparison of the Hormonal Activity of Bisphenol A Substitutes, Environmental Health Perspectives, July 1, 2015 Jon Hamilton, Beyond BPA: Court Battle Reveals A Shift In Debate Over Plastic Safety, NPR, February 16, 2015 No consumer health risk from bisphenol A exposure, European Food Safety Authority, January 21, 2015
PH Gleick, HS Cooley, Energy implications of bottled water (PDF), Environmental Research Letters, February 19, 2009īottling Our Cities' Tap Water (PDF), Food & Water Watch, August 1, 2010 Jocelyn Ivanov, MIT, Drinking fountains: the past and future of free public water in the United States, September 29, 2015 Wesley Johnson, cryogenics research engineer at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, email interview, August 22, 2018 So, “the copper liner needs to be: polished, installed in a vacuum, and done so in a manner that limits the amount of oxidation of the metal prior to pulling the vacuum.” “The main benefit of copper is that when it is polished, it is much more reflective of radiation heat transfer,” Johnson explained. But it works only under a set of specific circumstances.
And copper can work to stop that last method of heat loss. “This leaves only radiation heat transfer between the walls,” Johnson said. A double-walled bottle already stops solid conduction, and a vacuum-insulated bottle stops gaseous convection. It could work, and as Wesley Johnson, a cryogenics research engineer at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, explained, “For spacecraft, we often use a similar technique for insulation.” The theory behind using copper in insulation (despite its being an excellent conductor normally) is based on the fact that heat transfers through three forms: solid conduction, gaseous convection, and radiation, Johnson told us. Sometimes manufacturers make bottles with copper linings in an attempt to keep the contents even hotter or colder.
0 kommentar(er)
